7.Transgenics and models of disease

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In vitro models
Immortal Cell Lines
Carefully chosen cell lines and expression vectors can act as good in vitro models focused on specific cellular mechanisms underlying disease processes and progression.
Useful for the functional analysis of key genes and identification of classic or targeted therapeutics
Multitude well-characterized cell lines are available commercially or directly from the scientists.
Most cell lines grow rapidly in standard media and can easily be transfected to over-express or knockdown key genes.
Primary Cell Lines
Immortal Cell Lines show loss of tissue characteristics with passaging.

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Transgenic animals for Carcinogenicity Testing
Three different types of transgenic strains have been employed in the generation of transgenic mice for carcinogenicity testing:
the Eμ-pim-1 transgenic mouse, containing the activated pim-1 oncogene (which has a low spontaneous tumour rate and appears to be very sensitive to carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis by genotoxic carcinogens that target the Iymphoid system);
those containing an activated oncogene (v-H-ras, c-H-ras) or an inactivated tumour suppressor (p53) gene; and
mice with an inactivated DNA repair (XPA) gene.

Caveat’s
Many caveats must be considered when interpreting genetically engineered mice-derived toxicity data:
chief of which will be the extent to which the model`s phenotype has been fully characterized

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