[폐기물]비산재 용출 실험보고서

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환경공학 폐기물 용출실험 레포트입니다.
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목차

제 1장 서론 ··························································································· 1

제 2장 본론 ··························································································· 3
2.1 실험 배경 및 목적 ············································································ 3
2.1.1 실험배경 ···················································································· 3
2.1.2 실험목적 ···················································································· 6
2.1 실험이론 ························································································· 6
2.1.1 용출시험의 정의 ········································································· 6
2.1.2 용출시험의 영향인자 ··································································· 7
2.2 각국의 용출시험 방법 ······································································· 8
2.2.1 우리나라의 용출시험 방법 ··························································· 8
2.2.2 미국의 TCLP법 ·········································································· 8
2.3 실험시약 및 기구 ············································································· 10
2.3.1 시약 ························································································· 10
2.3.1.1 비산재 ················································································· 10
2.3.2 기구 ·························································································· 11
2.3.2.1 원자흡광분석계(atomic absorptionphotometer) ·························· 11
2.3.2.2 pH Meter ············································································· 13
2.3.2.3 여과기 ················································································· 13
2.3.2.4 감압플라스크 ········································································ 14
2.3.2.5 메스플라스크 ········································································ 15
2.3.2.6 삼각플라스크 ········································································ 15
2.3.2.7 비커 ···················································································· 16
2.3.2.8 정밀저울 ·············································································· 16
2.3.2.9 진탕기 ················································································· 17
2.3.2.10 기타실험기구 ······································································ 17
2.4 실험방법 및 순서 ············································································· 19
2.4.1 용매 제조 ·················································································· 19
2.4.1.1 KEP법(물용출법) ·································································· 19
2.4.1.2 TCLP법 ··············································································· 19
2.4.1.3 인공강우법 ··········································································· 19
2.4.2 pH 측정 - pH미터 사용법 ·························································· 20
2.4.3 진탕으로부터 용출 ····································································· 21
2.4.4 진탕 후 여과 ············································································ 21

2.4.5 용출액의 희석 ············································································ 21
2.4.6 검량선 작성 ··············································································· 21
2.4.7 원자 흡광 광도계(AA)로 흡광도 측정 ··········································· 22

제 3장 실험결과 ···················································································· 23
3.1 실험결과 ························································································· 23
3.1.1 표준용액에 대한 Cu의 검량선 ······················································ 23
3.1.2 KEP, TCLP, 인공강우법에 따른 Cu흡광도 ···································· 24
3.1.3 각 용출법에 따른 흡광도에 의한 농도 ·········································· 24
3.1.3.1 KEP법 농도값 결과 ······························································ 24
3.1.3.2 TCLP법 농도값 결과 ···························································· 25
3.1.3.3 인공강우법 농도값 결과 ························································ 25
3.1.3.4 평균 Cu의 농도 ···································································· 26
3.2.1 표준용액에 대한 Pb의 검량선 ······················································ 27
3.2.2 KEP, TCLP, 인공강우법에 따른 Pb흡광도 ····································· 28
3.2.3 각 용출법에 따른 흡광도에 의한 농도 ··········································· 28
3.2.3.1 KEP법 농도값 결과 ······························································· 28
3.2.3.2 TCLP법 농도값 결과 ····························································· 28
3.2.3.3 인공강우법 농도값 결과 ························································· 29
3.2.3.4 평균 Pb의 농도 ···································································· 29

제 4장 실험 결론 및 고찰 ······································································ 30

참고문헌 ······························································································ 31
그 림 목 차

< 그림 1 > 쓰레기의 분류 ········································································ 1
< 그림 2 > 지정폐기물 종류별 발생량 현황 ················································ 3
< 그림 3 > 원자흡광분석계(AA) ······························································ 13
< 그림 4 > 원자흡광분석장치의 구성 ························································ 13
< 그림 5 > 여과기 ················································································· 14
< 그림 6 > 감압 플라스크 ······································································· 14
< 그림 7 > 메스플라스크 ········································································ 15
< 그림 8 > 삼각플라스크 ········································································ 16
< 그림 9 > 비커 ···················································································· 16
< 그림 10 > 정밀저울 ············································································ 17
< 그림 11 > 항온진탕기 ········································································· 17
< 그림 12 > 피펫과 고무 벌브 ································································ 18
< 그림 13 > 핀셋과 spatula ···································································· 18
< 그림 14 > 원자 흡광 광도계 ································································ 22
표 목 차
< 표 1 > 한국의 용출시험방법 ·································································· 8
< 표 2 > 미국의 TCLP법 ········································································· 8
< 표 3 > 국가별 용출시험조건 ·································································· 9
< 표 4 > 한국과 미국의 용출시험 기준 ····················································· 10
< 표 5 > KEP, TCLP, 인공강우법에 따른 Cu흡광도 ··································· 24
< 표 6 > 각 용출법에 따른 흡광도에 의한 농도 ········································· 25
< 표 7 > 평균 Cu의 농도 ······································································· 26
< 표 8 > KEP, TCLP. 인공강우법에 따른 Pb흡광도 ··································· 28
< 표 9 > 각 용출법에 따른 흡광도에 의한 농도 ········································· 29
< 표 10 > 평균 Pb의 농도 ······································································ 29

본문내용

산업혁명 이후 급격한 인구증가와 도시화로 인해 배출되고 있는 생활폐기물과 공업화 정책에 따라 대단위 공업단지가 조성되면서 활발한 산업 활동으로 인해 발생하는 사업장폐기물의 적절한 관리와 처리가 중요한 도시 환경문제의 하나가 되었다. 이렇게 급증하고 있는 폐기물에 비해 처분할 수 있는 매립지가 지극히 한정되어 있어 다량으로 발생하는 폐기물이 부적절하게 처리되고 있는 실정이다. 특히, 유해화학물질로 만든 제품들 중에는 자연에 그대로 버려질 때 분해되지 않고 오랫동안 남아 토양을 오염시키고 생태계를 위협하기도 한다. 유해폐기물이란 인간의 건강이나 환경에 유해하거나 잠재적인 위협을 초래하는 특성을 갖는 폐기물을 말한다. 산업의 제조공정상에서 발생하는 유해물질을 함유하는 부산물, 유통기한이 지나 반품되어 폐기되는 유해화학물질, 유해물질이 혼합된 일반폐기물 등을 말한다. 이러한 폐기물 문제점은 근본적으로 폐기물 발생량을 줄이는데 있겠지만 현실적으로는 그보다도 배출된 폐기물을 어떻게 관리하느냐에 따라 문제점을 해결할 수 있다. 폐기물 배출량이 아무리 적다해도 관리를 잘 하지 못한다면 양을 줄이는 것은 아무런 문제점을 해결하지 못할 것이다. 특히, 중금속을 포함하고 있는 특정 폐기물의 경우 제대로 관리 처분하지 않아 그대로 매립이 된다면 토양 중에 중금속이 그대로 흡수, 농축되었다가 그곳에서 재배되는 농작물이나 지하수를 오염시켜 동식물은 물론 우리 사람의 인체에도 커다란 해를 주게 된다.
이러한 폐기물들의 유해성 여부는 용출실험에 의해 결정되어질 수 있다. 이번 실험에서는 한국의 용출방법과 미국의 용출방법, 공해로 인해 발생하는 산성비와 흡사한 pH를 가진 인공강우를 이용하여 지정폐기물인 비산재에 포함되어있는 중금속을 분석하고 지정폐기물 여부를 알아본다.

<중 략>

위의 결과를 보면 비산재의 Cu성분은 KEP법과 인공강우법만이 우리나라 용출시험기준을 넘어 지정폐기물로 분류되었고, 납의 경우는 모든방법이 굉장히 높은수치를 나타내어 용출시험기준을 넘었고 지정폐기물로 분류되었다.
Cu의 농도결과를 보면 KEP법, TCLP법, 인공강우법 모두 모든조가 비슷한 수치를 나타내었으므로 실험에서 큰 실수나 오차는 없었다고 생각한다.
Pb의 농도결과를 보면 유독 KEP법만 조별 편차가 심하게 나타났다. 이는 KEP법 용매를 만들때 실험자들의 실수가 있었던 것이 아닌가라는 생각을 했다.
실험은 실험자의 기술이나 환경적 요인으로 인해 변할 수도 있다. 그러나 환경적 요인은 같은 실험실, 같은 증류수와 온도, 같은 시간대에 모든 실험을 했고 pH같은 조건도 기계를 통하여 맞춰가면서 했기 때문에 별 영향을 미치지 않았을 것으로 보인다. 그렇다면 우리 실험자 개개인의 실험 기술의 차라고 볼 수 있는 것 같다.
또한 이번 실험은 실험자까지 모두 같은 조건이 아니었기 때문에 반복성이기보다는 재현성을 띠는 실험을 하였다. 재현성으로 생각해 볼 때 각 조가 모두 한꺼번에 실험을 할 수 없었기 때문에 시간적 차이로 인한 오차가 발생했음을 생각해 볼 수도 있다.

참고 자료

1. 폐기물 처리. 정재춘 외 12명, 동화 기술
2. 폐기물 공정시험방법주해. 김삼권 외 11명, 신광문화사
3. 유해폐기물처리. 기문봉, 신광문화사
4. 페기물 분석과 실험 방법. 윤오섭, 동화기술
5. 2005 지정폐기물 발생 및 처리현황. 국립환경과학원, 2006.
6. 기타 구글 / 네이버 검색