강릉단오제 설화연구

서지정보

ㆍ발행기관 : 한국구비문학회 ㆍ수록지정보 : 구비문학연구
ㆍ저자명 : 황루시

목차

1. 강릉단오제의 성격과 논문의 목적
2. 범일전승의 분석
3. 창해역사 전승의 분석
4. 국사여성황 전승의 분석
5. 치제 담당계층 관련 설화의 분석
6. 맺는 말

한국어 초록

강릉단오제는 우리나라의 대표적인 전통축제이다. 그렇지만 강릉단오제의 연원과 전승과정은 아직 명확히 밝혀지지 않았다. 단편적인 기록을 통해 긴 세월동안 상당한 변화를 겪으면서 전승되었음을 짐작할 따름이다. 본 논문은 이 간격을 메꿔 줄 가능성이 있는 자료로 강릉단오제 설화를 주목한다.
먼저 현재 강릉단오제의 주신인 범일국사의 전승을 분석한 결과 실재했던 승려가 지역의 전설에서 고구려 주몽신화의 맥을 잇는 천부수모형 신화로 성격이 변화하고 국사성황으로 자리잡는 과정을 추정할 수 있었다. 또한 神木을 지칭하였던 國師의 본디 성격이 天神일 가능성을 제시하였다.
창해역사는 외부에서 온 인물로 불교를 배경으로 했던 것으로 짐작된다. 호랑이를 죽이고 종을 운반하는 등 왕을 도왔으나 민중의 지지는 획득하지 못하고 사라진 것으로 짐작된다. 창해역사가 성황으로 좌정하게 된 배경에는 天父水母形 신화의 성립, 호랑이를 죽이고 진시황을 습격한 장사로서의 위대한 능력이 기능했을 것이다. 여국사성황 설화는 호환에 죽은 사람의 이야기가 국사성황을 중심으로 재편된 것이다. 이 과정에서 호랑이는 직접적 신앙의 대상에서 국사성황 신앙의 일부로 들어가게 된다.

영어 초록

Gangneung Tano Festival is a representative traditional festival of Korea. The festival, which is a mixture of Taegwallyoungs shamanism of the Kuksa Sunghwang (the nation highest priest deity) and folk custom Tano, has been transmitted to today, as the largest festival in the country. Religion, actions and Nanjang (folk parties) harmonize perfectly in this festival. Nevertheless, the origin and the process of the transmission of this Festival have not been clearly disclosed. We are only able to speculate through fragmented records that it has transmitted for a long time, experiencing considerable changes.

This paper focuses on legends related to Gangneung Tano Festival as potential materials that could fill up the gap of this lost history. It is suggested that the characteristics of the gods can explain the characteristics of a ritual. The gods believed in Gangneung Tano Festival include; mountain deity, the nations highest priest deity, the nations highest female priest deity and flesh deity (Yook Sunghwang). These are all deities with humanity, and have their own legends transmitted through time. It is expected that the tales of personal history of these gods transmitted will explain the characteristics of the festival considerably well. Materials chosen for analysis include legends of Priest Pumil, nations highest female priest deity and Changhae Yuksa (a strong man named Changhae). Finally, a legend that discloses the consciousness of a group who performed the ritual is analysed.

The study found how Priest Pumil became the main god of this festival. It was discovered that the Priest Pumil was a real person but his story had been transformed to the myth of Chunboosoomo (heavenly god as father, naiad as mother), in line with a myth of Choomong who was the founder of the Koguryo kingdom, and the nations highest priest deity. Also, it is suggested that his position must have been one of heavenly god, as he was also understood as a holy tree.

Changhae Yuksa was found to be a man from outside of the region, who had a Buddhism background. He seemed to have disappeared, leaving without any support from the people, despite having helped the King by killing tigers and carrying a large bell in his honour. However, legend later identified him as a hero who attempted to kill Chinshihwang (the first emperor of Chin dynasty), and he was transformed to a person of whom the people were proud. It is expected that his extraordinary capability; killing tigers and attacking Chinshihwang, a myth of Chunboosoomo, played an important role to make him one of the deities.

The legend of the nations highest female priest deity originated from a story of a person killed by a tiger. This story was to have been reinterpreted using the idea of the nations highest priest deity. In this process, the tiger was transformed from an object of worship to a part of Kuksa Sunghwang. As the tiger became the messenger of Kuksa Sunghwang, it was thus transformed to the second most important figure, which is neither the object of fear nor the object to worship.

This paper also analyses legends that reflect the consciousness of those who were in charge of the ritual, and how it changed over time. The legend of Keumboodosa Lee, Kyu (a central government officer) was one of them where Lee, Kyu suffered a miserable death after insulting Kuksa Sunghwang. This legend reflects the pride of the local government officers and the residents of Kangreung area. Also the legend of a slave who obtained fortunes at Taegwallyoung Sunghwangdang (the shrine of deities at Taegwallyoung) is regarded as an important clue showing how the group of people in charge of the festival, who were traditionally farmers, were changed into the merchant class.

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